Car Costs and New Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Car Costs and New Technologies - Essay Example Therefore, it does not look at the welfare of the people and the nation as a whole. On the other hand is the socialist economy. Most of the economists believe that government intervention and holdings are less efficient as they do not answer to the price changes or the change in the demand of the consumers. This is because the government relies on the tax collection for its revenues and less worried about the demand situation (US Department of State, 2010). Â  But still, most of the countries adopt some form of the mixed economy in allocating resources because they believe that both the private and the public sector play an important role. A mixed economy is a blend of free market and socialism. It is an economy that has a lot of freedoms but at the same regulations from the government keep a constant check. Â  The economists of these nations believe that some of the industries are better under the control of the government while others are better off under the supervision of the private entrepreneurs. For example, The development of the infrastructure; road, rail, air, and port, administration of justice, defense of the nation and education is under the control of the government. At the same time, there are certain institutions where the government intervenes in the market to settle out the price levels such as utilities, agriculture, and water. In this way, it regulates these likely monopolies (US Department of State, 2010). For example, Water and Power Development Authority keep a check on the charge of electricity in Pakistan keeping the best interests of the economy at heart. At the same time, the government regulates the private sector by creating standards and policies to guard the consumer interests and increase the welfare of the people.

Quantifying systemic risk in the European banking sector. A Research Paper

Quantifying systemic risk in the European banking sector. A multidimensional approach - Research Paper Example Systemic risk is the ultimate threat, its sources are varied and the propagation mechanisms involve major imbalances. The financial banking domain supports the present research, a choice motivated by the imperative of identifying potential risk-carrying factors in order to deeply analyse their impact and raise mechanisms for an efficient calibration of financial exposure levels. A major breakup within the banking sector, initially designed to serve the real economy generates severe imbalances with long-term implications for the whole financial industry and potential destructive nature for the economic environment. The preference for this topic is justified by its actuality and utmost importance for the European banking, financial community and the entire economic arena. Banks’ policies and strategies, new products, technologies and services, competition policies and the competitive environment provide space for risk’s rise. In addition, the increased level of financial integration and the globalization ties facilitate the appearance of new contagion channels, as previous banking experiences and worldwide tensions show. Mapping the current needs of the global economy means to identify risks and quantify their effects. A major challenge is to restore and strengthen the financial and economic stability and the prerequisite for achieving this goal is the understanding of systemic risk nature, its sources in terms of structures and sizes. The rich existing academic literature focused on theoretical models and empirical evidences around the systemic risk notion and the effects on the entire financial-banking industry support the importance of the addressed subject. The new global realities and the features of the regulatory and supervisory activities underline the need for a more powerful, solid crises management and European solutions for managing systemic risk. I. Literature review The first theoretical approaches on systemic risk can be traced back t o the period 1929-1933, during the Great Depression; as a distinctive figure, history invokes John Maynard Keynes1, who describes the economy marked by a shock in the financial system - a sequence of events generically called contagion. Broadly speaking, systemic risk is related to complex negative events simultaneously affecting institutions, markets and networks. In a narrow sense, the core element of the term is the contagion from one market structure to another. Explaining the notion of systemic risk requires a clarification of concepts proceeding and succeeding its rise: the systemic event, and respectively, the systemic crisis. A systemic event occurs when negative information about an institution spreads in the system and adversely impacts the participants. Allen and Gale (2000) and Freixas, Parigi and Rochet (2000) examine the risk of contagion in the shape of a domino effect, as an essential element of the systemic risk architecture. High-impact systemic events (for example , a bank collapse result of an initial shock) translate into contagion; if the shock doesn’t lead to failure, the event can be narrowed. A systemic event has two components: the shocks (idiosyncratic, systematic) and the propagation mechanisms. If idiosyncratic shocks affect individual financial institutions, systematic shocks spread across the whole economy and imbalance all financial structures in the same time. Systematic shocks are reflected in